Journal for Educational and Psychological Research

Building a proposed guidance program using the cognitive restructuring method to reduce value conflict among female university students

2025-06-01T15:24:10+00:00

The current research aims to (build a proposed guidance program using the cognitive restructuring method to reduce value conflict among university students). The literature and previous studies dealing with value conflict were reviewed. To achieve the research objective, the researchers prepared a value conflict scale consisting of (29) paragraphs. After verifying the psychometric properties of the scale, the researchers built a guidance program based on the cognitive restructuring method of (Meckenbaum). It was applied to the guidance group in (12) sessions, at a rate of two sessions per week, with a session duration of (60) minutes. The data were processed using the (SPSS) program and a number of statistical methods. Based on the results, the study came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

Social Facilitation and its Relationship with some Variables among Kindergarten Children

2025-06-01T15:45:13+00:00

The current research aims to identify social facilitation and its relationship to a group of variables, such as the specialization of the kindergarten teacher and the type of kindergarten, government and private. The research sample included (160) male and female kindergarten children for the academic year 2023-2024. The two researchers built a measure of social facilitation for the sample members. The researchers used statistical methods including the t-test for two independent samples and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that the children have moderate social facilitation, and that the teacher’s specialization has no relationship to social facilitation, nor to the type of kindergarten, governmental or private. The researchers also came up with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The Effect of a Guidance Program Using the Organization Method on Developing the Motivational Perseverance among the High School Female Students

2025-06-01T16:16:41+00:00

The research aims to know (The effect of a guidance program using the organization method on developing the motivational perseverance among the high school female students). The current research is limited to female students in the preparatory stage of government schools - for morning studies in the Muqdadiyah Education Department, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate - for the academic year (2023-2024 AD) for (5581) female students. The sample for the statistical analysis of the motivational perseverance scale reached (400) female students who were randomly selected. The sample of the guidance program consisted of (20) female students who were intentionally selected. The researchers constructed a scale of motivational perseverance based on Constantin’s theory, consisting of (30) paragraphs. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified, and a guidance program was designed based on the organizational approach to develop motivational perseverance based on Rotter's theory. The program consisted of (12) sessions, two sessions per week for (45) minutes. The researchers used a set of appropriate statistical methods to process the data.

The effect of employing the “Think Silently” strategy on the literary appreciation among fifth-grade literary students

2025-06-01T16:43:25+00:00

The current research aims to know the effect of using the (Think Silently) strategy on literary appreciation among fifth-grade literary students. To attain this aim, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study literature and texts with the (Think Silently) strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the usual way in literary appreciation. The researchers chose section A with 36 students of the fifth literary to be the control group from (Madinat Al-Ilm Preparatory School) and Section (A) of (Al-Balagh Preparatory School) as the experimental group with the number of its members (35) students. The researchers rewarded the students of the two research groups with the variables of chronological age calculated in months, the academic achievement of fathers and mothers, The researchers prepared a test to measure literary taste among the students of the two research groups.

The test consisted of (25) multiple-choice items. The test was applied to the two research groups. After analyzing the results of the students' answers and processing them statistically, it was proven that the experimental group that studied literature and texts using the (Think Silently) strategy outperformed the control group that studied the same subject using the usual method. Based on the results, the researchers made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The Effect of Using Small Games on Some Elements of Physical Fitness for Children (4 - 6) Years

2025-06-01T16:52:58+00:00

Childhood is considered the basic brick for the development and urbanization of society. The interest in this group is, in fact, an interest in the future of the whole nation. In addition, preparing and raising children is preparation to face the civilizational challenges imposed by the inevitability of development. Games play a key role in improving elements of physical fitness; therefore, the researcher aimed to study the effect of small games on certain elements of physical fitness in children from 4 to 6 years.This is because modern technology and the use of electronic devices have led to a weakness in the physical fitness of children in particular, which has led to a weakness in their physical structure as a result of frequent sitting and using electronic devices, and since children tend to play, the researcher decided to prepar a program of small games to find the extent of its impact on these elements. It was hypothesized that, there were significant differences between the pre-and post-tests in favor of the post- tests for the experimental group in the effect of using small games on some elements of physical fitness for children (from 4 to 6) years. There are also significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests on some elements of physical fitness for children (from 4 to 6) years. The sample of the research consisted of children of Qatr Al-Nada Kindergarten (from 4 to 6) years in Baghdad. The time frame was from (23/2/2024) to (4/5/2024). The spatial frame was the indoor hall of Qatr Al-Nada Kindergarten in addition to the outdoor yard of Qatr Al-Nada Kindergarten.

The Effect of Utilizing Dialogue Method on the Achievement of Preparatory School Female Students in the Subject of Literature and Texts

2025-06-01T16:59:32+00:00

The current research aims to identify "the effect of utilizing the dialogue method on the achievement of preparatory school female students in the subject of literature and texts." The researcher adopted the experimental approach as it is the most suitable for the current research procedures. The research population consisted of all fourth-year scientific female students in preparatory schools in Baqubah, Diyala Governorate. The sample was purposefully selected from "Um Habiba Girls' Preparatory School" in Baqubah (Al-Mafraq neighborhood), consisting of 71 students—35 in the experimental group and 36 in the control group. To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a post-achievement test in Arabic language (literature), consisting of 30 multiple-choice questions. The researcher used statistical methods to analyze the results through the SPSS program version 21, applying the following formulas: T-test for two independent samples, Chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown equation, item difficulty formula, discriminative power, and effectiveness of alternatives. The main result of the current research is that the students in the experimental group who studied literature and texts using the dialogue method outperformed the control group, who studied the same material using the traditional method, in the post-achievement test.

The effect of a cognitive control-based counseling program on developing cognitive agility among female university students

2025-06-01T17:04:38+00:00

The present study aims to: Develop a counseling program based on cognitive control techniques to enhance cognitive agility among university female students.

The research population is limited to the female students of Diyala University in both scientific and humanities disciplines for the academic year 2023-2024, totaling 13,064 students. A statistical analysis sample of 400 students was selected through stratified random sampling, while the sample for the counseling program consisted of 20 deliberately selected students from the Departments of Educational and Psychological Sciences and Geography.

The researcher employed the Jamili Scale (2022) for measuring cognitive agility, originally developed by Abd Rih Mohammed in 2020 and later adapted by Jamili for university students. The scale comprises 20 scenarios. each with four response options. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified, and both face and construct validity were confirmed. For face validity, the scenarios were reviewed by jury members in psychological counseling, educational counseling, psychology, and evaluation, achieving over 80% agreement. Construct validity was confirmed through several statistical indicators. Reliability was verified through test-retest methods. yielding a coefficient of 0.82, and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, yielding a coefficient of 0.79, The researcher employed appropriate statistical methods for data analysis.

The study concluded that university female students exhibit low levels of cognitive agility. The counseling program demonstrated a significant positive impact on enhancing cognitive agility among the study sample. The study also provided several recommendations and suggestions for further research.

Analyzing the Content of the Sixth Grade Science Textbook Based on Logical Reasoning

2025-06-01T17:18:03+00:00

The research aimed to identify the list of deductive and inductive logic inferences available in the Science book for the sixth grade at Primary Schools. The research community represented the content of the science book for the sixth grade of primary school, the sixth edition for the year 2023 AD, which included five units with eleven chapters distributed among the units. The researcher conducted a pilot study by distributing questionnaires and then preparing a research tool that included main and sub items. The research tool was presented to a group of arbitrators to find the validity of the analysis and then presented to them the analysis form, and to find the stability of the analysis, (20) of the content of the science book for the sixth-grade primary school was analyzed and the percentage of the analysis constant was calculated using the Holsti equation and reached (0. 95%). Then the (20%) sample of the science book for the sixth grade was presented to two other arbitrators to analyze it, and the average stability (axis 96%). To process the research data, the researcher used frequencies, percentages, and the Holsti equation, and to find the stability of the analysis between analysts, the average stability (axis), and the analysis of the content of the science book for the sixth grade was carried out in full as the results appear in the research, and among the recommendations recommended by the researcher are: - Include the science textbook in particular and the curriculum in general with the skills of deductive and inductive reasoning.

The Effect of Integrative listening Strategy on Developing Aloud Reading Skills of Second- Grade Intermediate Female Students in the Arabic Language book

2025-06-01T20:11:31+00:00

The study aimed to investigate the effect of integrative listening strategy on developing aloud reading skills of second- grade intermediate female students in Arabic language book.

The researcher adopted the quasi-experimental approach to achieve the aim of the research; the participants of the study were selected from female second-grade intermediate students during the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. The sample of the study consisted of (78) students who studied at Dejla Secondary School for Girls. They were already chosen randomly and divided into two groups: Group one consisted of (40) students that was chosen as an experimental group and group two consisted of (38) students, which was assigned as a control group. The study was applied in six weeks. The researcher prepared a test to measure aloud reading skills, consisting of six skills. It was administered before and after on the two groups after ensuring the validity and reliability of the test. The results of the study showed that there was a statistical difference at the level of significance (a=0.05) between the two arithmetic means of the performance of the two groups in the combined reading skills attributable to the integrative listening strategy and in favor of the experimental group. This is due to the efficiency of integrative listening strategy. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends paying attention to reading aloud skills at all stages of learning.

Obstacles of Using Active Learning Strategies by Science Teachers in Primary Schools

2025-06-01T17:35:00+00:00

The aim of this research is to identify the obstacles of using active learning strategies by science teachers in primary schools.To achieve this aim, the researcher adopted the descriptive methodology and prepared a questionnaire that included 28 items, which was applied to a sample of 72 science teachers in Baquba District, Diyala Governorate, by utilizing a random selection method. Data was statistically analyzed to gain the results. The findings showed that the most noticeable obstacle faced by science teachers was adherence to lesson schedules and school day regulations, which ranked first with a mean score of 3.76 and a percentage of 75.2%. Meanwhile, the items related to the lack of willingness to change and participating in active learning, and overcrowded classrooms were in the last rank, with a mean score of 3.08 and a percentage of 61.6%. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended the need to train teachers on how to use active learning strategies during presenting lessons and to hold training workshops focused on employing active learning methods in the teaching process, with an emphasis on practical aspects. The researcher also suggested conducting educational research on active learning, addressing the extent to which teachers use active learning strategies in different subjects and across various educational stages.

The Aesthetic Preference of High School Female Students and Its Relationship to Artistic Expression

2025-06-01T17:40:48+00:00

This research paper consists of four chapters. The first chapter touches upon the problem of the research and its significance. At the conclusion of this piece of research, the researcher has managed to define the terminology involved. As for the second chapter, it involves the theoretical framework which is, in turn, composed of two parts: the researcher within the first part has discussed the aesthetic preference; and as for the art expression, it has been investigated in the second part.

The researcher, however, has explored one study entitled The Aesthetic Preference and its Relationship to styles. of personality in the Core of emotions according to the system. Known as "Enigram on the part of the Fine Arts Institute students by Riwan Sudad Abbas. Atdhe At the conclusion of this chapter, the researcher has come up with a number of indications as regards the theoretical framework. The third chapter consists of the procedures of the research which are listed as follows:

the reseach community, the sample as well as the research methodology and toot the tool adopted As for the tool used by the researcher which has obtained the credulity and constancy from the experts on the Art Education field At last, the researcher has come up with a number of results. the most salient of which include: The process of Aesthetic Preference on the p art of the fermatte high-school female studenter depend on two factors; psychological and social. On the basis of the results came the conclusions of which are these

The aesthetic preference. on the part of the individual is relevant to their personality and the rate of their response to environmental impacts. The recommendations forwarded by the researcher ave as follows: We need to pay greater attention to the high-school students on the part of the educational specialists so as to make use the students' spare time. This is conducted by starting training.

Courses to develop their drawing skills. At the conclusion, the researcher has suggested the following studies: W The Altes art preference on the the high-school female students and its relationship to the art expression,

The aesthetic preference on the part of the high-school female students and its relationship to the art expression according to the variable of gender …

The Level of Writing Skills among Students of the College of Basic Education-University of Diyala

2025-06-01T17:46:47+00:00

The current research aims to assess the level of writing skills among students at the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, specifically in the Department of Arabic Language. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive methodology and conducted the study on a purposive sample of 109 male and female students from the Arabic Language Department across the first, second, and third academic classes. Statistical tools such as the arithmetic mean, percentage, and standard deviation were used in the analysis, which revealed three proficiency levels in certain aspects: good, average, and weak.

The researcher developed a measurement tool consisting of a 20-item questionnaire covering various writing skills, which was reviewed by jury members in teaching methods. Among the skills, neat handwriting and sentence structure coordination received the highest ratings, while other skills (items 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, and 19) were rated as average. Some skills (items 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 15) were rated as weak. The questionnaire demonstrated the students' actual level of writing skills.

The researcher recommended focusing on writing skills and encouraging students to apply and understand them, as these skills are foundational. Additionally, students should be made aware of the importance of writing skills in the learning and teaching process. The researcher encourages further studies on writing, reading, and other skills, and suggests studies on the writing skills of elementary school students and reading skills of university students.

The Effect of Using Classroom Dialogue on the Acquisition of Arabic Grammar Rules among Second-Grade Intermediate School Students and the Development of their Divergent Thinking

2025-06-01T17:52:44+00:00

The study designed to investigate the effect of using classroom dialogue on the acquisition of Arabic grammar rules among second-grade intermediate school students and the development of their divergent thinking. The researcher chose an experimental design for the research due to the presence of an independent variable, which is classroom dialogue, and two dependent variables (achievement - divergent thinking). Thus, there was an experimental group and a control group. The researcher conducted equivalence and the results showed that there were no statistical differences between these two groups. The research sample consisted of (48) students, (25) for the control group and (23) for the experimental group. The researcher constructed an achievement test consisting of (15) multiple choice items with four alternatives, and a thinking skills test. Then, the stability of this test was extracted using the split-half method after applying it to a survey sample consisting of (20) second-grade intermediate school students in the Ramadi Governorate. The researcher analyzed the results he reached using the T-Test for two independent samples. The results appeared as follows: There were statistically significant differences in achievement and thinking among the average scores of the students of the experimental group who learned using the classroom dialogue method and the average scores of the students of the control group who learned the same subject using the traditional method (lecture) in benefit of the classroom dialogue method. Thus, the first hypothesis was rejected.

The Impact of Learning Contract Strategy on the Achievement of Second-Grade Intermediate School Students in Arabic Grammar

2025-06-01T18:08:45+00:00

English translation. This study aims to identify (The Impact of Learning Contract Strategy on the Achievement of Second-Grade Intermediate School Students in Arabic Grammar). To achieve the aims of the study, the researchers formulated the following one null zero hypotheses: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who study Arabic grammar according to the Learning Contracts Strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who study Arabic grammar according to the usual method in the post achievement test. The researchers followed the experimental method with partial control suitable for the research, which consisted of an experimental group and a control group.

The researchers adopted the following statistical methods: (t-test for two independent samples, chi-squared test, difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, effectiveness of false alternatives, Kuder-Richardson (20), and Cohen's effect size).

In the light of the research results, the researchers concluded that using the learning contract strategy enables students to connect previous information with new ideas and enhances their academic achievement.

The researchers recommended that training Arabic language teachers on the use of the Learning Contract Strategy to its effective role in teaching, as well as informing supervisors and specialists about this strategy. To conclude this research, the researchers proposed several suggestions, including:

-Conducting a similar study to the current study in other branches of the Arabic language such as literature, texts, rhetoric, and expression on both genders.

The Effect of the Modeling Strategy on Developing Systematic Thinking Among Fifth- Grade Literary Students in History Subject

2025-06-01T18:20:54+00:00

This study aims to investigate the effect of the modeling strategy on developing systematic thinking among fifth-grade literary students in history. To test the validity of the null hypotheses formulated by the researcher, an experimental design with partial control was employed (experimental group and control group) using pre- and post-tests.

The study sample consisted of 60 students divided equally into two groups (30 students in each group). The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in variables such as (parental academic achievement, students' chronological age calculated in months, final history grades for the second semester of the 2021-2022 academic year, intelligence test scores, and pre-test scores on the systematic thinking scale).

The study tool used was the systematic thinking scale prepared by Al-Sarai (2015), consisting of 40 items, each with five response options: always, often, sometimes, rarely, never. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The researcher used the T-test for two independent samples of equal size and the T-test for two dependent samples.

The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-application of the systematic thinking scale, demonstrating the growth of systematic thinking among the experimental group students compared to the control group. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended that teachers adopt the modeling strategy due to its effectiveness in developing systematic thinking.

As an extension and continuation of this study, the researcher suggested conducting further studies on the effect of the modeling strategy on other variables, such as inferential thinking or reflective thinking.

The Effect of Teaching Using the Educational Pillars and 4Mat Strategies on the Achievement and Creative Thinking of Fourth Scientific Grade Students in Chemistry

2025-06-01T19:03:02+00:00

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of teaching using the Educational Pillars and 4Mat strategies on the achievement and creative thinking of fourth-grade scientific students in chemistry. To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses. To confirm these hypotheses, an experiment was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with post-testing for the three research groups.أعلى النموذج

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The research sample consisted of fourth-grade scientific students from Al-Adhamiya Preparatory School for Boys, divided into three randomly assigned groups. Group (A) represented the first experimental group, taught using the Educational Pillars strategy, with 33 students. Group (B) represented the second experimental group, taught using the 4Mat strategy, with 33 students. Group (C) was the control group, taught using the traditional method, with 32 students.

The researcher ensured equivalence among the groups in several variables, including prior academic achievement in chemistry, chronological age (in months), and pre-measurements of creative thinking. The researcher developed a research tool, a multiple-choice achievement test consisting of 40 items, and verified its psychometric properties. A creative thinking scale was also adopted.

The experiment was conducted during the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024), with the researcher herself teaching all three groups. After completing the experiment, statistical analysis was conducted for the three samples.

The results revealed that the students in the first and second experimental groups outperformed the control group in both the achievement test and creative thinking. No significant difference was found between the first and second experimental groups in terms of achievement. However, a significant difference was observed in creative thinking test results, favoring the second experimental group, which was taught using the 4Mat strategy.

Based on these findings, the researcher drew several conclusions and provided recommendations relevant to the study results. Additionally, suggestions for further research were proposed.

Modeling the Mediating Role of Ambiguity Intolerance in Anxiety Symptoms among Workers in Therapeutic Health Centers in Diyala

2025-06-01T19:08:26+00:00

The present research aims to identify the mediating role of ambiguity intolerance in anxiety disorders among workers in Therapeutic Health Centers in Diyala. The researcher utilized the descriptive, correlational, analytical, and comparative method due to its suitability for the nature of the current study Modeling the mediating role of ambiguity intolerance and symptoms of anxiety disorders among workers in Therapeutic Centers in Diyala city, this method is considered the best way in research. To verify its hypotheses, the Path Analysis method was used, the research population from which the current research sample is drawn includes workers in Therapeutic Centers in Diyala (male – female). The researcher chose an appropriate sample for the construction the tests. The sample consists of (400) examinees after the random testing of the basic sample. The researcher applied the basic study tools to a group of (400) participants from the medical sector (doctors, pharmacists, nurses) (250 females, 62% and 150 males, 37% with an average age of 35.5). The researcher adopted the scale of symptoms of anxiety disorders by Janet Taylor, which was prepared by Dr. Mustafa Fahmy and the second is the personality traits scale of Ronald B. Ronar, which was prepared by Mamdouh Salama. The researcher technicalized the tools he adopted by calculating the reliability and stability of the tool used on a survey sample consisting of health workers of both sexes, to be (35 male and female) workers from different health specialties. After confirming the reliability and stability of the scale and doing statistical analysis of the results, it was applied to the sample of the experiment as the results were statistically processed. The results of the analysis showed that the members of the research sample are characterized by ambiguity intolerance, and it was also found that there is a positive relationship between ambiguity intolerance, personality traits, and symptoms of anxiety disorders. The effect showed the mediating role of ambiguity intolerance in personality traits through positive path values as the participants in the study who have potential ambiguity intolerance make them more powerful in overcoming work pressure and more serious and competent at work.

Creating Self-challenge among university students

2025-06-01T19:24:29+00:00

The research aims to identify:

The level of self-challenge among university students.
The significance of the differences in creating self-challenge

Research community: The research community consists of students of the University of Diyala of both genders (males, females) and specialization (scientific, humanities) from the morning undergraduate students for the academic year (2024-2025), as it reached (20226) male and female students distributed according to specialization and gender. The number of male students in the scientific specialization reached (4154) students and the number of female students in the scientific specialization (4871) female students. As for the humanities specialization for males, it reached (4042) students, while the number of females in the humanities specialization reached (7159) female students. This research community includes all the apparent terms that it studies.

Research sample: The researcher uses a sample because it is complex to study the entire population (Al-Kubaisi, 2007: 217). It is the group on which data is collected in the study, and which is chosen from the study population to represent that population in the research being studied.

Research tools: To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a self-challenge scale (according to the Self-Challenge Theory 2022) that included (21) paragraphs. Its validity and reliability were extracted and applied to a sample of (200) male and female students who were selected randomly from university students for morning studies for the academic year (2024-2025) distributed equally according to the gender variable, and from both specializations (humanities - scientific). Constructive validity and apparent validity were verified, as well as the stability of the scale by two retest methods. The reliability coefficient reached (0.90), while the tool's reliability coefficient by Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.91). By using the statistical package (SPSS), as statistical means to reach the results: It was found that university students enjoy self-challenge and there are statistically significant differences in measuring self-challenge according to the gender variables (males, females). In light of the research results, a number of recommendations and proposals were made.

University students have a self-challenge.
There are statistically significant differences in the level of self-challenge according to the variables of gender and in favor of females, and there are no statistically significant differences according to specialization. In continuation of the aspects related to the research, the research came out with some suggestions, recommendations and conclusions, as self-challenge exists among the research sample. The results showed that there were differences in self-challenge among the research sample according to the gender variable and in favor of females.

Cognitive Agility and its Relationship to Agentic Thinking among Students of Fine Arts Institutes

2025-06-01T19:33:19+00:00

This research aims to explore the level of cognitive agility and Agentic thinking among students at Fine Arts Institutes, examine the correlation between these two variables, and identify gender differences (male-female) in both variables. To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted Kazem's (2024) Cognitive Agility Scale and constructed an Agentic Thinking Scale based on Snyder's (2002) model and its dimensions: perseverance and persistence, goal-directed determination, and self-talk endorsement for thinking. The psychometric properties of the scales, including face validity, reliability, and construct validity (for the Agentic Thinking Scale), were verified. The Agentic Thinking Scale, in its final form, consisted of 36 items. The scales were applied to a sample of 200 students, selected randomly and equally from the Fine Arts Institute in Diyala. Statistical analyses using the t-test for one and two independent samples and Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that students at Fine Arts Institutes exhibit a high level of cognitive agility and Agentic thinking. Additionally, significant gender differences were found in cognitive agility favoring males and in Agentic thinking favoring females. The results also showed a positive correlation between cognitive agility and Agentic thinking.

The reality of biology teachers' practice of the constructivist theory principles in the middle school stage from the supervisors’ perspective

2025-06-01T19:39:43+00:00

The constructivist approach represents a theory that explains how knowledge is constructed within a student’s cognitive framework through experience and experimentation. The current research aimed to explore the extent to which middle school biology teachers’ practicing the principles of constructivist theory, as perceived by supervisors. The research population consisted of 34 male and female supervisors specializing in biology, distributed across three directorates of Education in Rusafa district (directorate of Education of first Rusafa, directorate of Education of second Rusafa, and directorate of Education of Third Rusafa) and three directorates in the Karkh district (directorate of Education of First Karkh, directorate of Education of Second Karkh, and directorate of Education of Third Karkh).

The research tool, represented by a questionnaire, was applied to assess the extent to which female biology teachers at the middle school level practice the principles of constructivist theory, as observed by subject supervisors. The questionnaire items were designed to cover the fundamental principles of constructivist theory, resulting in a total of( 41) items that reflect the general principles of the theory. The validity and reliability of the tool were established, and appropriate statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and percentage weight, were utilized to evaluate the reality of the practice.

The research findings indicated that the level of practice of constructivist theory principles by male and female biology teachers at the middle school level was low. This result does not meet the anticipated level necessary to achieve educational outcomes characterized by high efficiency and quality. While some principles of the theory were practiced at a moderate level, others were practiced at a low level.

The Effect of ARCS Instructional Model on Law College Students' Willingness to Communicate and Their Achievement in English Language

2025-06-01T19:49:37+00:00

The readiness and willingness to communicate in a foreign language has become a skill which is highly evaluated and required for the ESP(English for specific purposes) students nowadays due to the fact that students' success in their achievement relies on their eagerness to communicate in the English class. Accordingly, it is necessary for teachers to adopt teaching models that are effective and motivational. This study is designed to find out the effect of employing ARCS motivational model on Law students' willingness to communicate as well as their achievement in English class. One hundred and twenty participants from college of law, for the academic year 2022-2023, are assigned to represent the sample in this experimental study (60 for the experimental group and 60 for the control group). After conducting the experiment, collecting data and statistically analyzing results, it has been shown that the ARCS model is effective to foster communication and improve students' achievement in English language class.